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19    LIBRARY  OF 

S.  A.   BARRETT 


MILWAUKEE.    -    WIG. 


9-LIBRARY^r 

S-  A.  BARRETT 


Ohio 
Archaeological  Exhibit 


AT    THE 


Jamestown  Exposition 

(  1907  ; 


BY 

WILLIAM  C.  MILLS,  M.  Sc. 


ILLUSTRATED 


COLUMBUS,  OHIO 

PUBLISHED  FOR  THE  SOCIETY 

BY  F.  J.  HEER 


GIFT 


Gold   Medal    awarded   to   the    Ohio   Arch.    &   Hist.    Society    for    Exhibit   in   Archae 
ology   and    the   same    was   awarded  to    William    C.    Mills    as    Collaborator. 


AN  ACKNOWLEDGMENT. 


In  preparing  this  brief  account  of  the 
Archaeological  Exhibit  at  the  Jamestown 
Exposition  we  cannot  forget  those  who,  in 
many  ways,  assisted  in  making  this  exhib 
it  the  best  archaeological  display  that  Ohio 
has  ever  shown  at  any  of  the  Expositions  in 
this  country. 

First  of  all  we  extend  our  best  thanks  to 
the  Ohio  Commission,  who  conceived  the 
idea  of  placing  on  exhibition,  a  collection 
of  the  remains  of  prehistoric  man  in  Ohio. 
The  Commission  furnished  the  necessary 
financial  support  to  enable  the  society  to 
properly  place  this  exhibit  and  maintain  it 
during  the  Exposition.  We  particularly 
mention  Dr.  Geo.  W.  Knight,  Secretary  of 
the  Commission,  Col.  John  P.  Given,  Eesi- 
dent  Commissioner,  and  Mr.  Stuart  R.  Bo- 
lin,  Executive  Commissioner  for  their  untir- 

675 


4  AN   ACKNOWLEDGMENT 

ing  efforts  to  make  the  exhibit  one  of  the 
attractive  features  of  the  History  Building ; 
we  also  acknowledge  our  indebtedness  to  the 
members  of  the  committee  on  Jamestown 
Exposition  for  many  valuable  suggestions; 
to  Mr.  John  Salmon,  Washington,  C.  H.,  O. ; 
Mr.  Irvin  Bacon,  Nevada,  O.,  and  Mr.  H.  C. 
Shetrone,  Columbus,  O.,  for  the  loan  of  type 
specimens.  To  all  the  members  of  the 
household  of  the  Ohio  State  Building  we 
offer  our  cordial  thanks  for  many  courtesies 
extended;  to  Lieutenant  Governor  Ellyson 
and  Dr.  J.  A.  C.  Chandler  we  feel  deeply 
indebted  for  their  untiring  efforts  and  pa 
tience  in  our  behalf.  To  the  custodians  of 
the  building,  Messrs.  Handy  and  Jones,  we 
extend  our  thanks  for  their  many  favors 
shown  us ;  we  are  deeply  indebted  to  the  cus 
todians  of  the  various  states  and  private  ex 
hibits  in  the  History  building,  Mr.  Kelly  of 
New  York,  Miss  Frances  Smith,  McCormick 
exhibit,  Miss  Benning,  Georgia,  Misses  Hin- 


AN   ACKNOWLEDGMENT  5 

ton,  Schenck  and  Vaughan,  North  Carolina, 
Miss  White,  New  Jersey,  Miss  Talbot, 
Rhode  Island,  Mr.  Torrence,  Virginia,  Mr. 
Thompson,  W.  Virginia  and  Mr.  Meyers, 
Pennsylvania.  We  are  also  indebted  to 
Misses  Baker  and  Heath  of  the  Colonial 
Dames'  Exhibit,  Justice  Blodgett,  Rhode 
Island,  Mrs.  Toliferro  and  Mrs.  Maupin,  D. 
A.  R.,  Mr.  Reynolds,  New  York,  Mrs.  Hill, 
South  Carolina,  Mrs.  Patterson,  North  Car 
olina  and  the  custodians  of  the  Church  and 
Massachusetts  Exhibits. 

WILLIAM  C.  MILLS. 


JAMESTOWN   EXPOSITION.  7 

OHIO     ARCHAEOLOGICAL      EXHIBIT 
AT    THE    JAMESTOWN    EX 
POSITION. 

The  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  His 
torical  Society  was  requested  by  the  Ohio 
Commission  to  the  Jamestown  Ter-Centen- 
nial  Exposition  to  participate  in  the  cele 
bration  of  the  three  hundredth  anniversary 
of  the  English  settlement  at  Jamestown,  by 
placing  on  exhibition,  in  the  Division  of 
History  and  Education,  a  representative 
archaeological  collection  of  the  state  of  Ohio. 

The  Division  of  History  and  Education  at 
Jamestown  was  fortunately  under  the  direc 
tion  of  two  most  competent  gentlemen,  J. 
Taylor  Ellyson,  of  Richmond,  Va.,  Gover 
nor  of  the  Division,  and  Dr.  J.  A.  C.  Chand 
ler,  also  of  Richmond,  Director  of  the  Divi 
sion,  and  much  credit  is  due  to  them  for  the 
interest  manifested  in  making  the  Ohio  ex 
hibit  one  of  the  important  features  of  the 
History  Building. 


8  OHIO   ARCHAEOLOGICAL   EXHIBIT 

The  History  Building  was  fireproof  in 
construction  and  contained  besides  the  Ohio 
Archaeological  collection,  perhaps  the  larg 
est  collection  of  priceless  relics,  manuscripts 
and  books  bearing  upon  the  earlier  colonial 
period  in  America,  ever  gathered  under  one 
roof.  The  Ohio  exhibit  occupied  about  eigh 
teen  hundred  square  feet  of  floor  space,  near 
the  entrance  from  the  south  rotunda  to  the 
main  exhibition  room.  The  collection  was 
placed  in  twenty-four  large  show  cases,  and 
the  books  representing  the  publications  of 
the  Society  were  placed  in  a  bookcase  near 
the  south  entrance  to  the  room. 

PLAN  OF  THE  EXHIBIT. 

The  general  plan  of  exhibiting  the  collec 
tions,  under  three  divisions,  carried  out  in 
detail,  was  as  follows: 

First:     Publications  of  the  Society. 

Second:  Models  of  noted  prehistoric 
earthworks  owned  by  the  State  and  kept  as 
free  public  parks. 


Plate    4.      Typical     Rectangular    Grave,    Harness    Mound. 


JAMESTOWN   EXPOSITION.  9 

Third:  Results  of  the  explorations  of 
the  Society. 

In  the  first  division  an  exhibit  of  all  the 
publications  of  the  Society  was  made.  This 
exhibit  included  the  regular  annual  publica 
tion,  which  consists  of  a  regular  bound  vol 
ume  of  over  four  hundred  pages.  The  Soci 
ety  has  issued  sixteen  such  volumes,  which 
are  of  great  interest  and  value;  containing 
articles  and  papers  by  the  leading  authori 
ties.  The  Society  has  published  nine  edi 
tions  of  volumes,  one  to  six,  six  editions  of 
seven,  eight  and  nine,  and  three  editions  of 
eleven  and  twelve.  Besides  the  regular  edi 
tion,  a  de  Luxe  edition  was  placed  on  exhibit. 

The  Society  has  also  published  a  number 
of  miscellaneous  volumes,  namely: 

The  Centennial  Celebration,  a  volume 
containing  the  entire  proceedings  of  the 
celebration  of  the  admission  of  Ohio  into  the 
Union,  which  occurred  March  1,  1803.  The 
volume  of  over  600  pages,  is  fully  illustrated, 


10  OHIO   ARCHAEOLOGICAL   EXHIBIT 

and  contains  a  complete  record  of  the  exer 
cises  and  speeches. 

Clark's  Conquest,  by  Consul  Wilshire 
Butterfield.  This  book  is  the  publication  of 
the  manuscript  of  Mr.  Butterfield,  as  left 
by  him  at  the  time  of  his  death.  He  spent 
many  years  upon  its  preparation,  and  it  is 
without  doubt  the  most  authoritative  ac 
count  of  Clark's  Conquest  that  has  been  pub 
lished. 

Archaeological  History  of  Ohio,  by  Ge 
rard  Fowke.  This  work  is  a  large  octavo 
volume  of  over  700  pages,  containing  chap 
ters  upon  the  Mound  Builders,  with  various 
theories  as  to  their  origin,  customs,  and 
habits,  and  the  Historic  Indians  of  Ohio, 
their  various  stages  of  culture,  and  a  his 
tory  of  those  found  in  Ohio  at  the  time  of 
its  settlement. 

History  of  the  Ohio  Canals,  by  Hunting- 
ton  &  McClelland.  This  volume  gives  an  ac 
curate  and  thorough  account  of  the  origin, 


Plate   5.      Typical    Copper    Ear    Ornaments.      Large    Pearl    Mounted    in    Copper. 


I 


JAMESTOWN   EXPOSITION.  11 

construction,  and  abandonment  of  canals  of 
Ohio,  with  a  detailed  financial  statement  of 
their  cost  and  maintenance,  and  the  effect  of 
the  canals  upon  the  financial  and  industrial 
conditions  of  the  State. 

The  Serpent  Mound,  by  E.  O.  Randall. 
This  volume  gives  a  complete,  and  accurate 
account  of  the  Serpent  Mound,  together 
with  the  theories  advanced  by  the  leading 
archaeologists  of  the  country,  regarding  its 
construction  and  purpose.  It  is  regarded 
as  the  most  exhaustive  work  on  the  mound 
yet  issued. 

Certain  Mounds  and  Village  Sites  in  Ohio, 
Vol.  1,  by  William  C.  Mills.  This  volume 
of  over  320  pages,  and  267  illustrations,  is  a 
graphic  account  of  the  explorations  of  the 
Adena  Mound,  Gartner  Mound  and  Village 
Site,  Baum  Village  Site,  and  the  Edwin 
Harness  Mound  "This  is  a  well  printed, 
large  octavo  volume  of  excellent  appearance, 
and  amply  illustrated  and  constitutes  a  val- 


12  OHIO   ARCHAEOLOGICAL   EXHIBIT 

uable  contribution  to  the  archaeology  of 
Ohio.  *  *  *  Mr.  Mills 'method  of  open 
ing  the  mounds  is  systematic  and  deliberate, 
and  the  care  exercised  in  uncovering  the  hu 
man  remains,  and  objects  of  art,  is  exempli 
fied  in  both  text  and  illustrations.  He  is  the 
most  worthy  coadjutor  of  Clarence  B.  Moore 
in  the  field  of  mound  exploration,  of  the  pre 
sent  period."  -  W.  H.  Holmes  in  American 
Anthropologist,  1907. 

All  of  the  above  publications  were  placed 
in  a  bookcase  accessible  to  the  public,  where 
they  were  freely  consulted  and  examined  by 
the  visitors. 

Models  of  Fort  Ancient  and  Serpent 
Mound  Park,  constituting  the  second  divi 
sion  of  the  exhibit,  were  placed  in  large 
cases  especially  constructed  so  the  models 
could  be  examined  from  all  sides.  The  mod 
els  for  the  most  part,  were  made  of  wood, 
and  covered  with  a  light  covering  of  plaster, 
varying  in  thickness  from  one  inch  to  one- 


Plate 


Copper    Axe,    Harness    Mound. 


Plate   8.     Copper   Axes,    Harness    Mound. 


JAMESTOWX   EXPOSITION.  13 

half  inch.  A  small  amount  of  plaster  was 
used  in  order  to  lighten  the  models  so  that 
they  might  be  safely  transported  to  the  Ex 
position  grounds  and  easily  handled  in  plac 
ing  them  on  exhibit. 

The  models  were  colored  as  true  to  na 
ture  as  possible  by  taking  samples  of  the  soil 
and  rock  from  the  various  places,  and  grind 
ing  to  a  fine  powder,  then  mixing  with  wa 
ter  and  glue,  and  where  the  soil  was  exposed, 
as  in  roads,  paths  and  earth  banks,  the  mix 
ture  was  applied  with  a  brush.  The  lawns 
and  trees  were  artificially  made  by  the  use 
of  colored  moss,  prepared  in  several  ways 
for  that  purpose. 

FORT  ANCIENT. 

The  model  of  Fort  Ancient  was  made  after 
the  survey  of  T.  B.  Van  Home.  The  size 
of  the  model  is  53  inches  by  44  inches.  Hori 
zontal  scale:  1  inch  equals  100  feet.  Ver 
tical  :  1  inch  equals  50  feet. 

Port  Ancient  is  the  largest  prehistoric  for- 


14  OHIO   ARCHAEOLOGICAL   EXHIBIT 

tification  in  Ohio.  About  100  acres  are  en 
closed  by  the  artificial  walls.  The  distance 
around  the  enclosure,  following  the  center 
of  the  embankments,  is  18,712  feet;  about 
three  and  one-half  miles.  The  walls  are  so 
irregular  and  crooked  that  a  line  from  north 
to  south  is  only  4993  feet ;  less  than  one  mile. 
By  an  act  of  the  Ohio  Legislature,  April 
28,  1890,  the  Fort  and  immediate  surround 
ing  territory,  comprising  some  287  acres, 
was  purchased  by  the  State,  and  turned  over 
to  the  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  His 
torical  Society,  to  be  made  into  a  free  pub 
lic  park. 

THE  SERPENT  MOUND. 

The  model  of  Serpent  Mound  Park  was 
made  after  the  survey  of  Clinton  Cowen, 
1901.  Scale :  3  inches  equal  100  feet.  Hori 
zontal  and  vertical  equal. 

The  Serpent  Mound  was  first  described 
by  Squier  and  Davis  in  1848,  and  was  saved 
from  destruction  in  1885  by  Frederick  Ward 


Plate   9.      Human   Jaws,    Worn    for    Ornaments,    Harness    Mound. 


Plate   10.      Jaws    of   thr    Mount 
ment.      Shark's    Teeth 


in    Lion,    \\i\d    Cat    and    P>lack    Bear,    Used    for    Orna 
Perforated    for    Attachment,    Harness    Mound. 


JAMESTOWN   EXPOSITION.  15 

Putnam,  Professor  of  Archaeology  and  Eth 
nology,  Harvard  University. 

The  Serpent  and  surroundings  are  now 
included  in  a  park,  which  was  secured  by 
subscription  obtained  by  the  ladies  of  Bos 
ton,  in  1877,  when  it  was  deeded  to  the  Trus 
tees  of  the  Peabody  Museum  of  Harvard 
University,  Cambridge,  Mass.  Exempted 
from  taxation  by  act  of  legislature  of  Ohio 
in  1888.  Transferred  by  Harvard  Univer 
sity,  May  1900,  to  the  Ohio  State  Archaeo 
logical  and  Historical  Society  for  perpetual 
care  as  a  free  Public  Park. 

In  the  third  division  of  the  exhibit  were 
shown  the  results  of  the  explorations  of  the 
Society,  together  with  models  of  mounds  and 
graves,  and  the  published  reports  of  various 
investigations.  The  entire  exhibit  occupy 
ing  twenty-two  large  show  cases. 

The  largest  exhibit,  and  perhaps  the  most 
interesting,  was  from  the  Edwin  Harness 
Mound.  This  mound  is  the  largest  of  the 


16  OHIO   AKCHAEOLOGICAL  EXHIBIT 

Harness  group,  situated  within  one  of  the 
large  circular  earthworks  near  the  center 
of  the  group,  in  the  vicinity  of  Chillicothe. 
The  Harness  group  has  long  been  known  to 
archaeological  scientists  through  partial  ex 
plorations  by  noted  achaeologists  for  more 
than  half  a  century,  and  the  artifacts  taken 
from  the  mound  can  be  seen  in  several  of  the 
museums  in  this  country,  as  well  as  in  Eu 
rope. 

The  exhibit  of  the  Harness  Mound  was 
placed  in  seven  cases,  four  of  which  dis 
played  models  of  the  graves  and  mound,  and 
three  large  nine-foot  cases  were  used  for 
various  artifacts  taken  from  the  graves. 
The  model  of  the  mound  was  five  feet  in 
length  by  thirty-nine  inches  in  width,  and 
made  on  a  scale  of  1  foot  equals  40  feet,  both 
horizontal  and  vertical.  The  site  of  the 
mound  was  an  enclosure,  or  charnel  house, 
as  evidenced  by  the  molds  of  the  posts  form 
ing  the  sides  of  the  structure  as  shown  in 


JAMESTOWN   EXPOSITION.  17 

the  model.  For  the  most  part,  the  bodies 
therein  buried,  were  cremated  in  the  large 
fire-places,  as  shown  in  the  model,  and  the 
remains  placed  in  a  prepared  grave  within 
the  enclosure.  In  due  time  the  building  be 
came  filled  with  the  graves.  The  superstruc 
ture  was  then  destroyed  by  fire  and  the  long 
tedious  process  of  erecting  the  earthen  mon 
ument  to  the  dead  began.  During  this  erect" 
ing  process,  others  dying  meanwhile,  were 
buried  promiscuously  and  at  various  depths 
in  the  mound. 

Another  interesting  feature  of  the  mound 
was  the  careful  method  of  the  preparation 
of  the  graves,  which  were  shown  in  three 
models,  representing  the  three  forms  most 
common.  All  the  graves  shown  were  full 
size. 

MODEL  OF  RECTANGULAR  GRAVE. 

This  form  of  grave  is  seen  in  Plate  4, 
which  shows  the  grave  and  contents  as  they 
were  photographed  during  the  explorations. 
In  this  grave,  the  incinerated  remains  of  the 


18  OHIO   ARCHAEOLOGICAL   EXHIBIT 

dead  were  placed  in  the  center  of  the  pre 
pared  grave  and  the  ornaments  of  copper 
and  gorgets  of  bear  teeth,  together  with  a 
platform  pipe,  were  promiscuously  placed 
as  shown  in  the  photograph.  The  model  is 
an  exact  duplicate  of  the  grave. 

MODEL  OF  OVAL  GRAVE. 

This  form  of  grave,  as  shown  in  the  mo 
del,  was  occasionally  met  with  during  the 
explorations.  This  type  is  similar  to  the 
other  graves,  but  the  timber  used  in  con 
structing  the  outside  portion  was  made  of 
small  pieces  of  logs  with  clay  plastered  over 
them,  thus  forming  a  regular  grave.  The 
incinerated  remains,  as  seen  in  the  model, 
were  placed  in  the  center  of  the  grave,  and 
the  implements  and  ornaments  were  grouped 
around  the  remains. 

MODEL   OF  THE   PLATFORM   GRAVE. 

Fully  seventy-five  per  cent,  of  the  graves 
found  in  the  Harness  Mound  were  of  this 


Plate   11.     Teeth    of  the    Hear,    Raccoon    and  Opossum,    Used    for   Ornament. 

I  larniss    M  or.nd. 


Plate    12.      Pipes   From    the    Graves    of    the    Harness    Mound. 


JAMESTOWN   EXPOSITION.  19 

type.  A  typical  platform  characterized  by 
a  plain  elevated  platform  made  of  clay  usu 
ally  elevated  from  three  to  six  inches  at  the 
center,  and  gradually  sloping  to  the  sides. 
The  average  length  of  this  form  of  grave  was 
about  four  feet,  and  the  average  width  from 
three  to  two  and  one-half  feet.  The  inciner 
ated  remains  were  placed  in  a  small  heap  at 
the  center,  similar  in  every  respect  to  the 
other  forms  of  graves. 

ARTIFACTS  FOUND  IN  THE  GRAVES. 

The  artifacts  taken  from  the  burials  in 
this  mound  were  most  interesting  as  to  qual 
ity  and  quantity  and  represent  the  highest 
art  of  prehistoric  man  in  Ohio.  From  the 
burials  in  this  mound  upwards  of  12,000 
specimens,  including  implements  and  orna 
ments  of  copper,  shell,  bone,  and  stone,  were 
removed,  and  a  representative  collection  of 
the  objects  were  shown  in  cases  Nos.  6,  7 
and  8. 


20  OHIO   ARCHAEOLOGICAL   EXHIBIT 

COPPER  PLATES. 

The  most  interesting  of  the  copper  objects 
were  the  large  plates  and  the  ear  ornaments 
shown  in  case  No.  6. 

One  of  the  finest  and  largest  of  the  eight 
copper  plates  exhibited,  is  shown  in  Plate  6, 
and  this  may  be  taken  as  a  type  of  the  plates 
from  this  mound.  The  entire  surface  of  the 
plate  is  covered  with  the  remains  of  a  woven 
fabric.  The  plate  is  nine  inches  in  length 
and  four  and  three-fourths  inches  in  width, 
and  will  average  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch 
in  thickness. 

EAR  ORNAMENTS. 

Fifty  copper  ear  ornaments  were  shown 
in  case  6,  and  they  fully  illustrate  the  four 
types  taken  from  this  mound,  as  well  as  the 
mode  of  manufacture.  The  copper  plates 
used  in  making  these  ornaments  were  ham 
mered  very  thin,  and  made  into  concavo-con 
vex  plates,  and  connected  by  a  central  cylin 
drical  column.  Many  of  the  plates  were 
covered  with  meteoric  iron,  and  a  few  with 


Plate   13.      Adena    Mound    Pipe  —  Front    View. 


Plate    14.      Adena    Mound    Pipe  —  Side    View. 


JAMESTOWN   EXPOSITION.  21 

silver,  showing  a  high  degree  of  skill  in  their 
manufacture  as  well  as  great  advancement 
in  ornamental  art.  Case  6  also  contained 
beads  made  of  meteoric  iron,  and  a  large 
fresh-water  pearl  set  in  copper. 

IMPLEMENTS  OF  COPPER. 

The  implements  of  copper  were  not  nu 
merous  in  this  mound,  but  the  typical  axes 
and  needles  were  shown  in  case  No.  7.  The 
axes,  for  the  most  part  were  small  and  all 
one  type,  and  made  from  masses  of  native 
copper  by  hammering  into  form.  The  sur 
faces  of  the  axes  were  much  corroded,  but 
they  plainly  show  the  irregularities  upon  the 
surface,  and  many  show  the  remains  of  a 
woven  fabric  imprinted  upon  their  faces. 

BONE   IMPLEMENTS. 

Bone  implements  were  not  abundant  with 
the  burials  of  this  mound,  although  a  num 
ber  of  very  fine  awls  and  needles  in  perfect 
condition  were  taken  from  the  graves.  The 
bone  implements  are  shown  in  case  No.  7. 


22  OHIO   ARCHAEOLOGICAL   EXHIBIT 

The  awls  show  two  types,  those  having  sharp 
points,  and  the  body  of  the  implement  made 
in  proportion,  and  perhaps  used  in  piercing. 
The  second  kind  had  blunt  points ;  the  body 
of  the  implement  being  heavy  throughout  its 
entire  length. 

BONE   NEEDLES. 

The  bone  needles,  as  shown  in  case  No.  7 
were  usually  found  clustered  together  in  the 
graves.  The  heads  are  usually  flattened  and 
pierced  with  a  hole  near  the  end.  The  nee 
dles  were  usually  made  from  the  heavy  leg 
bone  of  the  deer  and  much  labor  and  even 
skill  was  required  to  produce  the  gradual 
taper  and  symmetry  of  the  implement. 

Small  ornaments  in  the  way  of  beads  made 
of  bone,  shell  and  pearls  were  very  abundant 
in  this  mound.  Pearls  were  pierced  with 
holes,  and  strung  on  strings  varying  in  num 
ber  from  fifty  pearls  to  the  string  to  more 
than  two  thousand.  One  of  the  largest  pre 
historic  pearl  necklaces  (as  regards  size  of 


1 


A  Perfect    Piece  of  Pottery,  a  Pipe   and   Shell   Hoe,   Taken   From 
Gartner   Mound. 


Plate    16.      Pottery    Vessels,    Baum    Village    Site. 


JAMESTOWN   EXPOSITION.   '  23 

pearls)  ever  found,  was  taken  from  one  of 
the  graves  of  the  mound. 

Evidently  the  supply  of  pearls  was  not 
equal  to  the  demand,  as  imitation  pearl  beads 
were  found  in  several  graves.  The  imita 
tion  pearls  were  made  of  clay,  first  burned, 
then  covered  with  a  flexible  mica,  so  that  the 
imitation  resembled  the  true  pearl  both  in 
form  and  luster.  Case  No.  7  also  contained 
a  splendid  collection  of  large  ocean  shells 
cut  in  such  manner  as  to  be  useful  as  con 
tainers  or  drinking  cups.  The  shells  were 
taken  from  the  graves. 

TEXTILES. 

One  of  the  primitive  industries  of  the 
builders  of  the  Harness  Mound  was  the 
weaving  of  various  fabrics,  and  the  charred 
remains  of  the  simplest  to  the  highest  art 
in  primitive  weaving  were  taken  from  the 
graves,  and  material  which  was,  no  doubt, 
used  for  clothing,  for  it  is  well  known  that 
the  textile  art  appeared  early  in  primitive 


24  OHIO   ARCHAEOLOGICAL   EXHIBIT 

culture,  and  it  is  generally  believed  that  the 
association  of  esthetic  concepts  with  it  came 
first,  and  became  quite  a  factor  in  personal 
adornment. 

Upwards  of  thirty  samples  of  weaving 
were  shown  in  case  No.  7,  as  well  as  several 
pieces  to  which  were  attached  ornaments  of 
copper  and  mica. 

PIPES. 

The  pipes  taken  from  the  Harness  Mound 
are  shown  in  Case  8.  They  are  of  the  plat 
form  type,  bold  and  symmetrical  in  outline, 
the  bowl  arising  from  the  center  of  the 
slightly  oval  side  of  the  platform  requir 
ing  much  skill  and  labor  in  their  manufac 
ture. 

MICA. 

Blocks  of  mica  and  various  figures  and 
scrolls  cut  from  its  detached  thin  sheets 
were  found  in  many  graves.  From  one 
grave  alone  were  secured  more  than  one 
hundred  sheets  of  mica  cut  into  various  de 
signs,  such  as  scrolls,  circles,  half  circles, 


JAMESTOWN   EXPOSITION.  25 

long  narrow  strips,  and  several  very  com 
plicated  designs.  A  representative  collec 
tion  of  these  designs  was  shown  in  Case  8, 
tray  No.  2. 

ORNAMENTS  OF  BONE. 

Ornaments  of  bone  were  frequently  found 
in  the  burials  in  a  perfect  condition,  though 
many  had  been  destroyed  by  fire.  The  most 
interesting  were  shown  in  Case  No.  8,  and 
consist  of  gorgets,  carved  bone,  bear  teeth, 
shark 's  teeth,  and  ornaments  made  from  ani 
mal  and  human  jaws.  The  most  interesting 
of  these  ornaments  were  the  human  jaws 
which  were  cut,  polished  and  perforated  to 
suit  the  individual  requirement.  In  one 
jaw,  three  human  incisor  teeth  were  missing, 
but  in  their  sockets  were  fitted  three  incisor 
teeth  of  the  deer ;  the  substitute  making  the 
jaw  appear  quite  symmetrical.  In  this  case 
is  also  shown  portions  of  leg  bones  of  the 
bear,  that  had  been  polished  and  decorated. 
The  decoration  was  made  by  cutting  the  bone 


26  OHIO    ARCHAEOLOGICAL   EXHIBIT 

in  such  way  as  to  leave  in  relief  the  deco 
rated  portion.  At  one  end  the  beak  and  por 
tions  of  a  bird's  head  are  shown.  The  nos 
trils  and  eye  being  quite  plain.  The  other 
end  of  the  bone  is  decorated  with  scrolls. 
The  two  bones  were  decorated  alike. 

FLINT  AND  OBSIDION  IMPLEMENTS. 

Flint  and  Obsidion  implements  are  shown 
in  Case  No.  8.  They  were  found  in  all 
graves,  and  consist,  for  the  most  part,  of 
knives  flaked  from  cores  of  flint.  The  flint 
was  evidently  secured  from  the  Flint  Ridge 
district  near  Newark,  and  consisted  of  the 
best  grade  of  chalcedony  found  in  that 
noted  section,  and  known  as  variegated  and 
banded  jasper  grades.  The  obsidion  found 
in  this  mound  evidently  came  from  the  far 
northwest,  as  it  resembles  the  obsidion  from 
the  Yellowstone  region. 

POTTERY. 

The  specimens  of  broken  pottery  shown  in 
Case  No.  8  were  not  all  taken  from  graves, 


Plate    17.      Decorated    Bones    From    Harness    Mound. 


Plate    18.      Bone    Awls    and    Needles,    Harness    Mound. 


JAMESTOWN   EXPOSITION.  27 

but    were    found    scattered    through    the 
mound. 

The  use  of  pottery  for  the  preparation 
and  retention  of  food  was  universal  among 
the  prehistoric  peoples  of  Ohio.  Broken 
fragments  of  pottery,  presenting  a  high  type 
of  fictile  art.  were  found  scattered  through 
out  the  mound.  The  symmetry  and  grace 
displayed  by  the  unearthed  potsherds  evi 
denced  that  the  early  ceramic  workers  dis 
played  much  skill  and  patience  as  well  as  ex 
perience  in  their  art. 

THE    SEIP    MOUND. 

Part  of  Case  No.  9  displayed  a  represen 
tative  collection  from  the  recently  explored 
(1906)  Seip  Mound,  located  in  the  famous 
Paint  Creek  Valley,  Ross  county,  Ohio.  At 
this  writing  only  a  portion  of  the  mound 
has  been  examined  and  work  will  be  resumed 
during  the  summer  of  1908.  The  copper 
implements  and  ornaments  in  many  respects 


28  OHIO   ARCHAEOLOGICAL   EXHIBIT 

are  like  the  Harness  Mound  specimens  and 
belong  to  the  same  culture. 

A  new  feature  in  the  manufacture  of  the 
large  copper  plates  taken  from  one  of  the 
graves  of  this  mound  was  found,  consisting 
of  a  very  thin  sheet  of  copper  placed  over 
a  thicker  piece  and  the  edges  turned  under 
and  fastened  after  the  fashion  of  our  mod 
ern  artisans. 

Another  interesting  find  taken  from  one 
of  the  graves  was  a  large  tooth  of  the  alli 
gator,  two  and  one-half  inches  long,  and  per 
forated  with  two  holes  near  the  base  of  the 
root.  This  is  the  first  record  of  finding  the 
tooth  of  this  reptile  associated  with  the  bur 
ials  in  the  mounds  of  Ohio. 

Case  No.  9  also  contained  specimens  be 
longing  to  the  same  culture  as  those  of  the 
Harness  and  Seip  Mounds.  The  artifacts 
placed  on  display  were  all  typical  specimens 
of  ear  ornaments,  pendants,  bracelets,  finger 
rings,  crosses,  head-dresses,  breast-plates, 


-N-:. 


.   > 


Plate  19.     Bone  Awls   From   Baum   Village   Site. 


Plate   20.      Bone    Awls   and    Fishhooks    From    C.artiHT    Village    Site. 


JAMESTOWN   EXPOSITION.  29 

spear-points,  tubes,  drills,  and  axes,  also 
large  nuggets  of  native  copper  found  in 
graves,  as  well  as  nuggets  partly  hammered 
into  form.  The  large  collection  of  nuggets 
of  native  silver  shown  in  Tray  No.  4  were 
taken  from  the  Snake  Den  Group  of  mounds, 
Pickaway  county,  Ohio. 

A  large  copper  axe  and  a  spear  point,  from 
the  collection  of  Mr.  John  Salmon,  Washing 
ton,  C.  H.,  Ohio,  were  representative  Wis 
consin  types  though  taken  from  a  grave  in 
Ohio. 

ADENA  MOUND. 

Case  No.  9  contained  a  representative  col 
lection  from  the  Adena  mound.  This  mound, 
prior  to  its  examination,  was  owned  by  the 
Thomas  Worthington  estate,  and  had  been 
kept  intact  for  more  than  a  century.  The 
mound  was  twenty-six  feet  and  six  inches 
high,  and  two  hundred  feet  in  diameter.  The 
mound  was  built  in  two  different  periods, 
showing  two  different  modes  of  burial.  In 


30  OHIO   ARCHAEOLOGICAL   EXHIBIT 

the  first  period  the  burials  were  all  made  in 
burial  cists  and  uncremated.  The  burial 
cists  were  made  of  logs  usually  piled  in  the 
form  of  a  parallelogram,  from  eighteen 
inches  to  two  and  one-half  feet  high.  The 
bodies  were  placed  in  the  prepared  grave  and 
covered  with  cloth  or  bark.  Their  imple 
ments  and  ornaments  shown  in  this  case 
were  placed  in  the  grave.  In  the  second 
period,  the  bodies  were  not  placed  in  pre 
pared  graves,  but  were  placed  promiscu 
ously  in  every  portion  of  the  mound  from 
the  base  line  to  within  five  feet  of  the  top. 

COPPER  PIECES. 

The  copper  ornaments  taken  from  the 
Adena  mound  consisted  mainly  of  copper 
bracelets,  which  were  made  from  native  cop 
per,  hammered  round  and  tapering  to  a  blunt 
point  at  each  end.  The  ends  overlapped  each 
other  when  bent  around  the  wrist.  From 
one  skeleton,  eight  copper  bracelets  were 
taken. 


ilrjrj 


Plate    21.      Perfect     Hone     Fishhooks    and     Specimens    Showing    Stapes    in    the 
Manufacture    of    the    Hook. 


Plate    22.      Perfect    Bone    Scraper    and    Specimens    Showing    Stages    of    Manufacturer 


JAMESTOWN   EXPOSITION.  31 

The  large  flint  knives  shown  in  this  case 
were  secured  from  the  central  grave.  They 
are  fashioned  from  flint  secured  from  Flint 
Kidge,  and  are  very  finely  wrought,  ranging 
from  three  to  four  inches  in  length.  Be 
sides  the  awls  and  needles  found  in  this 
mound,  perhaps  the  most  interesting  speci 
men  was  the  effigy  pipe,  eight  inches  in 
length,  and  composed  of  fire  clay.  The  pipe 
is  tubular  in  form,  the  hole  extending  the 
entire  length  of  the  body.  The  large  open 
ing  is  between  the  feet.  Within  an  inch  of 
the  top  of  the  head,  the  opening  begins  to 
narrow  down  to  a  very  small  aperture  one- 
eighth  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  The  mouth 
piece  forms  a  part  of  the  headdress  of  the 
image.  The  front  part  of  the  pipe  is  of 
a  light  gray  color,  shading  to  a  beautiful 
red  in  the  back.  The  image  is  coated  in 
places  with  a  deposit  of  iron,  which  appears 
in  blotches  over  the  greater  portion  of  the 
surface  of  the  specimen.  The  effigy  repre- 


32  OHIO   ARCHAEOLOGICAL   EXHIBIT 

sents  the  human  form  in  the  nude  state  with 
the  exception  of  a  covering  around  the  loins. 
This  covering  extended  around  the  body  and 
is  tied  in  the  back.  The  ends  of  the  cover 
ing  hang  down  and  serve  as  an  ornament. 
On  the  body  of  the  covering  is  found  a  ser 
pent,  or  scroll-like  ornament.  From  the  lobe 
of  each  ear  is  hanging  an  ear  ornament, 
quite  large  in  proportion  to  the  ear,  resem 
bling  very  much,  the  large  copper  ear  orna 
ment  shown  in  the  Harness  Mound  cases. 
This  pipe  represents  the  highest  art  of  pre 
historic  culture. 

GARTNER  MOUND  AND  VILLAGE  SITE. 

Case  No.  10  contained  an  interesting  col 
lection  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village 
Site.  The  peoples  here  represented  are  of 
another  culture  from  those  of  the  Harness, 
Seip  and  Aden  a  Mounds  and  may  be  consid 
ered  not  so  high  in  the  scale  of  civilization. 
In  this  mound  no  ornaments  or  implements 
of  copper  were  found,  but  implements  of 


V 


Plate    23.      Bone   Arrow    Points. 


\ 


Plate    24.      Objects    Made    From    Shell. 


JAMESTOWN   EXPOSITION.  33 

bone  and  stone  were  found  in  great  num 
bers.  The  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site 
are  located  along  the  east  bank  of  the  Scioto 
river,  six  miles  north  of  Chillicothe.  The 
mound  was  not  a  large  one,  being  only  seven 
feet  and  six  inches  in  height,  and  seventy- 
five  feet  in  diameter.  The  Village  Site  sur 
rounded  this  mound.  The  artifacts  taken 
from  this  mound  were  similar  in  every  re 
spect  to  those  taken  from  the  village  and  con 
sequently  belong  to  the  same  culture.  In 
the  collection  are  the  implements  used  in 
the  preparation  of  food,  such  as  stone  mor 
tars  and  pestles,  which  served  for  crushing 
corn,  beans,  dried  meats,  berries,  etc.  In 
same  case  was  a  large  collection  showing  the 
various  forms  of  ornaments.  In  the  central 
portion  of  the  case,  the  implements  used  in 
the  procuring  of  food  and  for  domestic  pur 
poses,  were  shown.  These  were  made  of 
bone,  stone  and  shell,  and  were  found  in 
great  abundance  in  every  section  of  the  vil- 


34  OHIO   AKCHAEOLOGICAL   EXHIBIT 

lage.  The  bone  implements,  such  as  points 
for  arrow  and  spear  heads,  made  from  tines 
and  the  toe  bones  of  the  deer,  were  most  nu 
merous.  Specimens  showing  every  stage  in 
the  manufacture  of  these  implements  are  ex 
hibited.  Large  awls,  made  from  the  heavy 
bones  of  the  deer  and  elk,  were  shown  in 
great  numbers,  as  well  as  the  small  sharp 
perforators  made  from  the  bones  of  the  va 
rious  small  animals  and  birds,  that  were 
used  for  food.  A  number  of  perfect  fish 
hooks,  as  well  as  specimens  showing  the  dif 
ferent  stages  in  the  manufacture  of  the  hook 
were  seen  in  this  case.  Large  shell  gorgets, 
shell  beads,  shell  crescents,  and  necklaces 
made  from  elk  teeth  are  shown  in  profusion. 
The  most  interesting  ornament  is  that  of  a 
small  ocean  shell  gorget  perforated  at  the 
center  with  a  hole  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in 
diameter  and  set  with  fresh-water  pearl. 
A  fine  collection  of  perfect  and  broken  pieces 
of  pottery  were  shown  in  one  case.  Prac- 


Plate    25.      Woven    Textiles    From    Harness    Mound. 


Plate    26.      Discoidals    and    Grooved    Axe    From    Baum    Village    Site. 


JAMESTOWN   EXPOSITION.  35 

tically  all  the  pottery  has  textile  markings 
upon  the  sides.  In  several  instances,  im 
pressions  of  a  woven  fabric  which  had,  no 
doufct,  been  used  while  fashioning  the  plas 
tic  clay,  were  shown,  but  the  usual  decora 
tions  upon  the  pottery  were  those  of  incised 
lines  and  circles. 

The  pipes  shown  in  the  Gartner  Mound 
Collection  lacked  the  grace  and  beauty  of 
the  Harness  Mound  specimens  and  many 
comparisons  of  the  various  artifacts  of  the 
two  great  prehistoric  cultures  of  Ohio  were 
made  by  interested  visitors. 

BAUM  VILLAGE  SITE. 

Cases  Nos.  11,  12  and  13  contained  the 
results  of  the  explorations  in  the  Baum  Vil 
lage  Site.  This  site  is  situated  in  Ross 
county,  Ohio,  near  the  small  hamlet  of 
Bourneville  and  located  on  the  first  gravel 
terrace  of  Paint  Creek.  The  village,  which 
is  quite  extensive,  and  surrounds  a  very 
large  mound,  was  first  examined  under  the 


36  OHIO   ARCHAEOLOGICAL   EXHIBIT 

direction  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 
The  land  upon  which  this  village  is  situated 
has  been  under  cultivation  for  three-quar 
ters  of  a  century.  Almost  in  the  center  of 
the  village,  near  the  edge  of  the  terrace  to 
the  west,  is  located  a  large  burial  mound,  and 
in  close  proximity  to  the  mound;  the  explo 
rations  bringing  to  light  the  profusion  of 
artifacts  displayed  in  the  above  named  cases, 
were  found.  The  specimens  were  found  in 
the  tepee  sites,  subterranean  store-houses 
and  burials.  In  case  No.  11,  a  number  of 
trays  showed  the  agricultural  implements 
used  in  cultivating  the  agricultural  products 
found  in  the  store-houses,  which  were  abund 
ant  in  every  section  of  the  village.  Another 
tray  sho\ved  the  dried  fruit  of  the  wild  plum, 
as  well  as  the  hickorynuts,  walnuts  and  but 
ternuts,  all  taken  from  the  subterranean 
store-houses.  Their  implements  of  war  such 
as  arrow  heads,  spear  points,  celts,  grooved 
axes,  and  hammer-stones,  were  shown  in 


I 


r  r 

-" 


Plate  27.      Flint    Objects,    Baum    Village    Site. 


I 


Plate   28.      Flint    Objects,    Harness    Mound. 


JAMESTOWN   EXPOSITION.  37 

great  numbers.  In  another  tray  were  stones 
used  in  playing  games.  In  another  tray,  pipes 
fashioned  from  sandstone,  quartz,  and  slate, 
were  shown  in  all  the  various  forms  found 
in  this  village.  In  case  No.  12  was  shown 
a  representative  collection  of  implements  of 
bone  found  so  abundant  in  this  village.  The 
large  awls  made  from  the  ulna  of  the  elk  and 
deer,  and  also  the  small  sharp  pointed  awls, 
made  from  the  bones  of  the  wild  turkey  and 
raccoon,  were  shown  in  great  profusion. 
Chipping  tools  made  of  deer  horn,  and  used 
in  manufacturing  the  arrow  points,  together 
with  the  flaking  tools  used  in  making  the 
large  flint  knives  were  perhaps  the  most  in 
teresting  of  the  bone  implements.  The  great 
variety  of  fishhooks  shown  on  one  of  the 
trays  was  sufficient  evidence  that  the  peo 
ples  of  this  village  depended  largely  upon 
the  river  for  their  larder. 

In  Case  No.  13  was  found  a  representa 
tive  collection  of  the  ornaments  made  of  bone 


38  OHIO   AKCHAEOLOGICAL  EXHIBIT 

and  shell  taken  from  this  village  and  showed 
necklaces  containing  hundreds  of  beads 
made  of  ocean  shells,  as  well  as  those  made 
of  the  teeth  of  the  bear  and  gray  wolf.  In 
this  case  was  shown  the  largest  collection  of 
bone  scrapers  known.  They  were  made  from 
the  metapodial  bones  of  the  deer  and  elk  and 
revealed  much  skill  in  their  manufacture. 
They  were,  no  doubt,  used  in  the  prepara 
tion  of  skins. 

HEMATITE  OBJECTS. 

Case  No.  14 :  This  case  contained  a  choice 
collection  of  implements  made  of  hematite. 
Hematite  specimens  are  not  rare  in  Ohio, 
for  they  are  found  in  almost  every  county  in 
the  State.  However,  the  greater  number  of 
these  specimens  are  found  in  the  Scioto, 
Muskingum  and  Ohio  River  valleys.  Tray 
No.  1  contained  a  representative  collection 
of  plummets  from  the  Scioto  Valley.  Tray 
No.  2  contained  a  representative  collection 
of  hemispheres  from  the  Tuscarawas  and 


Plate   29.      Large    Spear    Point,    Coshocton    Co..    Ohio. 


Plate  30.     Spear   Points,   Huron   County,   Ohio. 


JAMESTOWN   EXPOSITION.  39 

Muskingum  Valleys.  Tray  No.  3  contained 
a  representative  collection  of  small  celts 
from  the  Scioto  Valley;  tray  No.  4  a  collec 
tion  of  medium-sized  celts  from  the  same 
valley ;  tray  No.  5  a  collection  of  larger  celts, 
which  are  not  common,  from  the  same  valley. 
Tray  No.  6  contained  a  representative  col 
lection  of  grooved  axes  from  the  Ohio  Val 
ley.  These  vary  in  weight  from  two  to  six 
pounds.  This  tray  also  contained  a  pestle, 
the  only  hematite  pestle  known  at  the  pre 
sent  time  within  the  State.  It  is  very  finely 
wrought,  and  is  very  heavy.  Tray  No.  7  con 
tained  a  miscellaneous  collection  of  hema 
tite  specimens.  They  represent  gorgets, 
amulets,  paint  mortars,  angular  cut  pieces  of 
hematite,  as  well  as  pieces  that  were  evi 
dently  used  in  making  paint. 

PIPES. 

Case  No.  15  contained  a  representative  col 
lection  of  pipes.  The  use  of  tobacco  pipes 
by  the  aborigines  of  Ohio  was  apparently 


40  OHIO  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  EXHIBIT 

universal  among  all  the  various  tribes,  and 
in  this  case  a  representative  collection  of  the 
platform  and  effigy  pipes  were  shown ;  tray 
No.  1  contained  two  frog  pipes ;  one  found  on 
the  surface,  Warren  county,  O.,  made  of  a 
compact  sandstone,  and  a  true  representa 
tion  of  the  frog ;  the  second  is  also  the  effigy 
of  a  frog  and  was  found  on  the  surface  in 
Brown  county,  O.  It  is  made  of  granite. 
Tray  No.  2  contained  a  very  large  pipe,  hu 
man  effigy  in  type,  found  in  a  grave  burial  in 
Tuscarawas  county,  Ohio,  and  is  one  of  the 
finest  pieces  of  prehistoric  art  to  be  seen. 
Tray  No.  3  contained  two  very  fine  platform 
pipes  from  the  mounds  of  Scioto  county, 
Ohio.  Tray  No.  4  contained  three  very  fine 
pipes;  one  a  bear  effigy  representing  a  mo 
ther  bear  protecting  her  young,  and  is  one 
of  the  most  interesting  pipe  specimens  of  the 
entire  collection.  Tray  No.  5  was  made  up 
entirely  of  effigy  pipes.  They  represented  a 
hawk,  duck,  bear  and  human  head.  Tray 


JAMESTOWN  EXPOSITION.  41 

No.  6  contained  a  miscellaneous  collection  of 
pipes ;  one  made  of  hematite,  the  remainder 
of  fire  clay.  A  fine  collection  of  platform 
pipes  were  shown  in  tray  No.  7.  The  pipes 
are  typical  specimens  from  Pike  and  Scioto 
counties.  This  tray  also  contained  a  beauti 
ful  alabaster  pipe  taken  from  Warren 
county,  Ohio.  Tray  No.  8  was  made  up 
entirely  of  human  effigy  pipes  and  repre 
sented  the  Miami,  Scioto  and  Ohio  Valleys. 

GORGETS. 

Case  No.  16  contained  a  great  number  of 
gorgets  made  from  argelite.  These  gorgets 
for  the  most  part  are  made  of  Laurentian 
slate,  secured  from  the  drift,  and  cut  and  pol 
ished  into  thin  slabs,  which  in  some  instan 
ces  were  ornamented  with  notches,  but  for 
the  most  part  are  perfectly  plain  with  one  or 
more  perforations,  no  doubt  used  for  attach 
ment.  When  these  specimens  are  found  in 
the  graves,  they  are  usually  placed  on  the 
arm  near  the  wrist.  The  gorgets  in  this 


42  OHIO   ARCHAEOLOGICAL   EXHIBIT 

case  showed  all  the  different  types  found  in 
the  State  such  as  representative  specimens 
with  one  perforation  and  those  with  three 
and  two  perforations ;  the  latter  being  more 
abundant  than  all  the  others  combined.  One 
tray  showed  a  great  variety  of  boat-shaped 
gorgets.  These  are  usually  flat  on  one  side, 
the  other  side  being  a  perfect  oval ;  the  holes 
being  invariably  drilled  from  the  flat  side. 
Another  interesting  collection  shown  in 
this  case  was  the  paint  cups.  Ten  specimens 
representing  all  the  different  types  were 
shown  in  tray  No.  1.  Another  interesting 
class  of  specimens  shown  in  this  case  was 
the  large  picks  made  of  Laurentian  slate. 
The  finest  of  the  picks  measures  eighteen 
inches  in  length,  being  largest  at  the  center 
and  gradually  tapering  to  a  point  at  each 
end.  Tray  No.  4  contained  a  choice  collec 
tion  of  tubes.  These  varty  in  length  from 
three  to  eight  inches.  They  are  made,  for 
the  most  part,  of  slate;  however,  a  number 


Plate  31.     Grooved  Stone  Axes,  Miami  Valley. 


Plate  32.     Ceremonial   Objects   of   Slate. 


JAMESTOWN   EXPOSITION.  43 

shown  in  this  collection  were  made  of  fire 
clay.  The  hole  in  the  slate  is  usually  about 
one-half  inch  in  diameter  throughout  the  en 
tire  length.  A  number  of  very  fine  speci 
mens  shown  in  this  case  were  from  the  col 
lection  of  Irvin  Bacon,  Nevada,  Ohio. 

OCEAN   SHELL   GORGETS. 

In  Case  No.  17  was  a  numerous  collection 
of  large  gorgets  made  from  ocean  shells. 
The  largest  of  these  measured  five  inches 
in  diameter,  and  the  smallest  three  inches. 
For  the  most  part,  these  gorgets  are  circular 
in  form,  and  pierced  with  a  very  large  hole 
in  the  center,  which  were,  no  doubt,  origi 
nally  set  with  pearls.  The  gorgets  are  also 
pierced  with  two  holes,  one-half  to  three- 
quarters  of  an  inch  apart  near  one  edge. 
These,  no  doubt,  were  used  for  attachment. 
A  number  of  these  fine  specimens  of  shell 
gorgets  were  from  the  collection  of  H.  C. 
Shetrone,  Columbus,  Ohio.  Besides  the 
gorgets  in  Case  No.  17,  a  large  collection  of 


44  OHIO   ARCHAEOLOGICAL   EXHIBIT 

drinking  vessels  made  from  ocean  shells 
were  shown.  Tray  No.  4:  This  tray  con 
tained  a  most  interesting  collection  of  neck 
laces  taken  from  various  mounds  in  the 
State.  These  necklaces  consist  of  beads 
made  from  ocean  shell,  as  well  as  from  small 
ocean  shells,  together  with  beads  of  bone  and 
fresh-water  pearls.  A  choice  collection  of 
discoidals  shown  in  trays  5  and  6  were  very 
interesting.  They  show  all  the  types  from 
the  plain  undecorated  to  the  finely  decorated 
and  symmetrically  made  specimens.  One  of 
the  most  interesting  is  a  very  large  discoidal 
from  the  Adams  collection  found  in  Scioto 
county,  Ohio.  Instead  of  the  customary  per 
foration  at  the  center  of  the  specimen,  a 
track,  perhaps  representing  that  of  the  wild 
turkey,  is  nicely  cut  on  each  side  of  the 
stone. 

Tray  No.  7  displayed  a  variety  of  flint 
cores  from  which  the  large  knives  have  been 
flaked.  These  cores  came  from  the  Flint 


Plate   33.    Discoidal    Stones. 


Tlate    34.     Effigy    Pipes. 


JAMESTOWN   EXPOSITION.  45 

Ridge  region,  and  represent  the  best  quality 
of  the  variegated  jasper  varieties.  On  tray 
JTo.  8  was  shown  a  number  of  specimens  cut 
and  engraved  with  lines  and  crosses.  I  have 
suggested  that  these  were  perhaps  used  ;is 
stamps  for  decorating  pottery. 

FLINT    IMPLEMENTS. 

Cases  ISTos,  18  and  19  contained  a  few  spec 
imens  of  all  the  types  of  flint  implements 
found  in  the  State  of  Ohio,  from  the  smallest 
arrow  point,  not  over  one-half  inch  in  length, 
to  the  largest  spear  point,  more  than  ten 
inches  in  length.  The  Curator  demonstrated 
the  art  of  arrow  making  to  thousands  of 
visitors  during  the  period  of  the  Exposition. 

GROOVED  AXES. 

Case  No.  20 :  One  entire  case  was  used  in 
displaying  the  various  types  of  grooved 
axes,  from  the  rough  unfinished  specimen  to 
the  highly  polished  symmetrical  specimen, 
made  of  quartz,  varying  in  weight  from  18 


46  OHIO   ARCHAEOLOGICAL  EXHIBIT 

pounds  to  2%  ounces.  One  perfect  specimen 
was  labeled  so  the  various  parts  of  the 
axe  could  be  readily  understood.  Viz.: 
Edge  means  the  cutting  portion ;  blade,  part 
below  the  groove ;  head,  or  pole,  part  above 
the  groove ;  face,  flat  portion  of  the  surface. 
For  the  most  part,  grooved  axes  found  in 
Ohio  are  made  of  the  tough,  hard  granite 
boulders  brought  down  by  the  drift  and  the 
finest  specimens  are  found  in  the  Miami  and 
Scioto  Valleys. 

CELTS   AND   PESTLES. 

Case  No.  21 :  This  case  was  a  double  ar 
rangement,  made  expressly  to  advantage 
ously  display  the  specimens.  The  upper 
part  was  used  for  ungrooved  axes,  or  celts, 
and  contained  a  representative  collection 
from  the  unfinished  to  the  finished  specimen. 
The  specimens  varied  in  length  from  14 
inches  to  2  inches,  and  all  the  types  had  well 
defined,  sharp  edges,  and  were  usually  made 
of  a  hard  and  tough  granite. 


JAMESTOWN   EXPOSITION.  47 

The  lower  portion  of  the  case  contained  a 
type  collection  of  pestles  from  the  village 
sites  of  the  State.  The  pestles  were  of  two 
types;  the  conical,  or  bell-shaped,  and  the 
roller  pestles.  The  bell-shaped  pestles  va 
ried  in  length  from  4%  inches  to  10  inches, 
and  all  were  made  with  an  expanded  base 
and  tapering  or  cylindrical  handle.  This 
type  was  invariably  made  of  granite. 

The  roller  pestles  were  cylindrical  in 
form;  usually  tapering  slightly  from  the 
center  to  the  ends;  varying  in  length  from 
22  inches  (the  largest)  to  6  inches.  Gen 
erally  the  large  specimens  were  made  of 
granite,  and  would  require  great  patience 
and  great  skill  in  cutting  such  a  hard  and 
tough  stone  to  the  required  dimensions. 

The  east  wall  space  in  the  exhibition  room 
was  allotted  to  the  display  of  large  photo 
graphs  illustrating  the  explorations  of  the 
Society.  The  photographs  were  22  by  28 
inches  in  size,  the  framing  being  of  heavy 
oak. 


48  OHIO  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  EXHIBIT 

No.  i.    AT  WORK  IN  THE  GARTNER  MOUND. 

This  photograph  illustrates  the  manner  of 
examining  a  mound  and  shows  the  men  re 
moving  the  soil  from  the  floor  of  the  mound, 
while  others  are  working  out  a  burial. 

No.  2.    THE  MUSSEL  BAKE. 

The  photograph  illustrates  how  prehistory 
men  had  gathered  together  many  thousand 
mussels  from  the  river  and  had  a  great  feast. 

No.  3.    THE  BURIAL. 

The  photograph  fully  illustrates  the  care 
necessary  to  remove  the  soil  from  a  burial  so 
as  to  leave  the  skeleton  in  relief  upon  the 
clay. 

No.  4.    THE  EXPLORATION  UNDER  WAY. 

The  photograph  shows  six  different  burial 
cists,  all  fully  worked  out  in  relief  and  ex 
posed  at  one  time. 

No.  5.    ADENA  MOUND. 

A  fine  photograph  of  Adena  Mound  be 
fore  it  was  examined ;  height  26  feet  6  inches. 


JAMESTOWN   EXPOSITION.  49 

No.  6,     BURIALS  OF  THE  HARNESS  MOUND. 

The  photograph  shows  nine  burials  all 
placed  in  regular  order  in  the  charnel  house. 
The  bodies  were  all  cremated  and  only  a 
small  collection  of  calcined  bones  remained. 

No.  7.     HARNESS  MOUND. 

Photographed  before  it  was  examined. 
Contained  133  burials,  from  which  more 
than  12,000  specimens  were  secured. 

No.  8.    SEIP  MOUND. 

The  Seip  Mound  appears  in  the  fore 
ground  and  the  Pricer  Mound  in  the  back 
ground.  This  mound  proved  to  be  very  rich 
in  copper  implements  and  ornaments. 


7  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

^  V 


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FROM  S.  A.  IJARREII 


